Science In The Industrial Revolution Essays - Industrial Revolution

Science in the Industrial Revolution Science in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century probably did more to shape life in the modern industrialized world than any event in history. There were many events that led to the industrial revolution in Europe. For starters, people in general were becoming more and more disenchanted with corruption in the Church. Due to advances in printing more people were learning to read. This allowed them to read the Bible for themselves and begin to question the Church. Protestant religions began to develop in which it was permissible to make money rather than donate it all to charity. This change in thought gave people the opportunity to question nature and retain their spirituality and place with God. The focus of this discussion is not the role of the decline in the Church in the Industrial Revolution but the importance of science. However it is important to realize that this change in belief systems played a role in allowing people to study science. Science provided a way for intellectual people to study nature and the interactions of the different forces, such as magnetism and gravity, that affect the world in which we live. Discoveries made through science can later be used to help man in his everyday life. Even today scientists study natural phenomena in the hope of discovering something new that will prove useful to man. In the early days of science many of the studies were done to prove or disprove the teachings of the Church which included having the Earth as the center of the universe and the idea of creationism. An excellent example of how science helped lead to the Industrial Revolution can be seen in development of the steam engine. For our purposes here we will assume the development of the steam engine started with Galileo in the 17th century. Galileo introduced a theory of atoms. Although he never actually said the word "atom" he described it in great detail. The Church did not support the atom theory, as they believed it went against the teaching of the Bible. The Church preferred the idea that "empty" space was just that, empty, not filled with tiny particles called atoms. The reason Galileo never uttered the word "atom" was to avoid the wrath of the Church. He ended up being placed on house arrest during the Inquisition, but that is another story. Galileo's theory created a lot of excitement and led to many experiments. The excitement was not so much because of Galileo's theory, but because of the implications of this theory. If Galileo was proved correct, the teachings of the Church were wrong. In today's world this may not seem like a big deal, but remember that in Galileo's time the Church ran society in many ways. The first major development influenced by Galileo's theory was the barometer developed by Torricelli. Torricelli was a pupil of Galileo before he was home jailed. The barometer was not developed to measure atmospheric pressure as it is used for today. It was merely an attempt to prove Galileo's atomic theory. The barometer worked by demonstrating a partial vacuum caused by a pressure differential between a closed end and on open end of a tube containing mercury. The details will not be discussed here. The end result was that the barometer worked, thus proving Galileo right and the Church wrong. The success of the barometer led to the development of primitive air pumps. A type of "reverse bellows" was the first air pump. Inspired by these developments Denis Papin, a Protestant physician, developed the first practical steam engine. His steam engine was developed in 1690. This primitive engine heated water in a cylinder, which turned to steam. The pressure from this steam forced the piston upward once it was high enough to counteract the weight and atmospheric pressure on the cylinder. The engine was then removed from the heat source and atmospheric pressure forced the piston back down as the steam condensed and the pressure within dropped. In 1698 Thomas Savery improved on the same basic idea. He used the steam engine to pump water out of mines. This was one of the first applications of technology to industry. Thomas's engine did not contain a piston but used the partial vacuum created by the engine to suck the water up and out of the mine. Newcomen took the steam engine a step further in 1712. His engine did include a piston but he used a counterweight to extract it. The cylinder was then injected with steam. This was followed by injecting water into the

Hawthorne The Myth of the Docile Worker Essay Essay Example

Hawthorne The Myth of the Docile Worker Essay Essay Example Hawthorne The Myth of the Docile Worker Essay Essay Hawthorne The Myth of the Docile Worker Essay Essay Reappraisal This diary begins with an debut to the ill-famed Hawthorne experiments led by Elton Mayo and Fritiz J. Roethlisberger. These experiments were based on Mayo’s belief in the demand to switch the focal point of direction from a scientific attack to one that valued human dealingss. The Hawthorne experiments surfaced as the innovator surveies of it’s clip in human direction psychological science. The consequences developed a theory known as the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† in which many have incorporated to organize the basicss of modern twenty-four hours human dealingss in commercialism. : Roethlisberger described the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† as an consciousness from the working category when particular attending is given by their directions therefore conveying about a positive alteration in productiveness. Today. the â€Å"Hawthorne effect† is even equated as merely handling employees good. Bramel is critical when pin-pointing the defects of the theory. Being unconcerned over the methodological analysis and truth of the experiments. he gives Mayo the benefit of the uncertainty and alternatively inquiries in peculiar two facets of the theory. The first of which is the premise that workers are easy manipulated by their higher directions to go constructive and cohesive with their fellow workers therefore increasing productiveness regardless of the working environment or economic system. The 2nd premise being. struggle between direction and it’s workers are due to external factors and downplays the fact that struggles of involvements between the two parties is inevitable. The truth remains that the house is exploitative in it’s capitalist nature. directors will invariably seek to increase productiveness whereas workers will ever look out for their ain economic involvement. Bramel’s reading of the Hawthorne consequence puts into play the fact that the capitalist recognizes that human dealingss is of import. However. he puts it aggressively that Mayo’s reading of the management- worker relationship is that of a myth. and is non relevant to all directions and can non be used as a text edition reply towards covering with workers. Bramel is non the lone 1 who is critical when it comes to the Hawthorne consequence theory. Richard Gillespie. 1991. nowadayss us with the most balanced position he strongly disapproves with the Hawthorne consequence theory that satisfied employees are productive employees. Alternatively. he believes the Hawthorne consequence is capable to the readings by the assorted experts who manage the state of affairss and use the theory on their workers to accomplish the consequences they require. I believe the inquiry now lies. how can directions alter their worker’s attitudes to accomplish a trusting and productive worker? A reappraisal of: Bramel. D. ( August 1981 ) . Hawthorne. the Myth of the Docile Worker. and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. Volume 36 ( 8 ) pp. 867-878. Oreg and Berson note that careful choice procedure when choosing forces eliminates negativeness in workers and helps convey together like minded people who are passionate about their occupations and expression for work satisfaction. ( Oreg and Berson. 2011 ) In this manner. category prejudices and the struggle of involvementsbetween directors and workers is reduced. Directors can anticipate to accomplish their coveted consequences and produce a motivated work force. Directors can anticipate to maximize the capacity and public presentation of their human resources by orientating their workers to familiarize them with the company’s ends. aims and vision. assist their workers understand the changeless alterations and demands of their occupation demands and minimises misconstruing and struggles in the workplace. In other words. by puting public presentation outlooks that correspond with the worker’s value systems aid directors shape their employee’s attitudes. ( Oreg and Berson. 2011 ) Armed with such valuable information. directors who relay their outlooks and maintain an unfastened channel of communicating between themselves and their workers. allow workers to accomplish their marks utilizing their best possible agencies in the the ways most comfy to them. Integrating workers into the house is important. By supplying a flexible and comfy work environment. directors are able to to the full accomplish productiveness by leting each worker to be individualistic and make their full potency. ( David Fairhurst. 2010 ) David forests agrees that complex direction hierarchies should be removed and employees are looking for the freedom of address and their sentiments to be valued by directions. He illustrates that in order to retain the best endowments. modern directions are to be less oppressive in their direction manners and supply more piquant benefits. Employees appreciate the transparence aid in direction and no longer experience that the house is looking to work them. instead to honor public presentation based or meritocracy. ( David forests. 2010 ) Wayne Gwilym the HR manager of insularity house Rockwool is one such director. â€Å"I am a alteration manager† . Gwilym provinces. A decennary ago. the workers were negative and demotivated when Gwilym took over HR operations of the household based concern. Today. Gwilym boasts of the transmutation that the Rockwool work force has gone through and has become a valuable plus to the company. The reply for Rockwool’s work force transmutation presented to us by Gwilym was simple. It was to acquire the HR squad. directors and their workers to work together to develop employment policies as a collaborative attempt and expedite it’s execution. Today. Rockwell strongly believes that a motivated work force who trusts and looks frontward to the business’s hereafter success is one of the forces driving the concern frontward. Gwilym is a alteration director who sees the importance of giving his worker’s stretching marks and set uping a cost film editing undertaking ( Harrington. Sian. 2010 ) A study based research conducted by Anne Delarue. Geert Van Hootegem. Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge on teamwork and organisational public presentation go manus in manus with the constructs as explained to us by Gyilym. The writers suggest that an A reappraisal of: Bramel. D. ( August 1981 ) . Hawthorne. the Myth of the Docile Worker. and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. Volume 36 ( 8 ) pp. 867-878. inclusive human resource system which emphasizes on teamwork. will hold a positive consequence on employee’s occupation satisfaction. committedness and motive. These factors in bend lead to an betterment in employee attitudes and organisational public presentation. The diary points out that it is of import for directors to detect how and why employees behave and perform the manner they do. ( Anne Delarue. Geert Van Hootegem. Stephen Procter and Mark Burridge. 2008 ) Bramel’s guesss in the Hawthorne consequence theory affecting the myth of the docile workers and that category biases do be is one that I believe holds substance even in our twenty-four hours and age. Further research into the factors as pointed out by Bramel drive the same point place. category prejudices will go on to issues due to the capitalist nature of the industries and that workers are besides worlds whose mental province can non be controlled and is hard to foretell. In today’s context. direction sees the importance of a changing and flexible direction that places importance in the public assistance of it’s workers in order to obtain maximal productiveness. Our society’s demanding and invariably altering outlooks requires troughs to step up to the challenge to go a alteration director who can accommodate and happen a balance between the outlooks of the employers and it’s employees. Management manners will go on to vary and alteration. nevertheless. one fact remains. it is the managers’ responsibility to use direction techniques to cut down and extinguish menaces to the house. By contracting down the factors that causes negativeness in the workplace. directors can forestall workers’ counteractive outlooks and damaging company cultures from taking seed. As quoted from Leo Burnett. â€Å"When you reach for the stars you may non quite acquire one†¦ But you won’t come up with a smattering of mud either† . And I believe this is the mentality directors should hold when working with their workers bearing in head that the work force are the 1s who make or interrupt a house. As quoted from Will Hutton. â€Å"Human resources play a important function in the transmutation of an industry – but merely if it embraces the challenges. † ( Will Hutton. 2010 ) A reappraisal of: Bramel. D. ( August 1981 ) . Hawthorne. the Myth of the Docile Worker. and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. Volume 36 ( 8 ) pp. 867-878. Resources:Richard Gillespie. ( 1991 ) . Manufacturing Knowledge: A history of the Hawthorne experiments† . Cambridge University Press.Shaul Oreg A ; Yair Berson. ( Autumn 2011 ) . Leadership and employees’ reactions to alter: The function of Leaders’ personal properties and transformational leading manner. Personnel Psychology. Vol. 64 issue 3. pp. 627-659. Fairhurst. David. ( Nov 2010 ) . We’re in danger of losing sight of the fact employees are human existences instead than. good. human resources. Human Resources. Human Resources. pp. 15-15.David Woods. ( Nov 2010 ) . HR Lessons†¦ From history. Human Resources. pp. 62-62. Harrington. Sian. ( Nov 2010 ) . Order out of Chaos. Human Resources. pp. 29-31. Anne Delarue. Geert Van Hootegem. Stepjem Protec A ; Mark Burridge. ( 2008 ) . Teamwork and organisational public presentation: A reappraisal of survey-based research. International Journal of direction reappraisals. volume 10 issue 2. pp. 127-148 Will Hutton. ( Nov 2010 ) . We can non wish back into being mills and steel Millss that have been closed over the past 40 old ages. Human Resources. Pp 22-22.

Tourism and the environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tourism and the environment - Essay Example The relationship between environment tourism on climate change means how the environment and tourism are both interrelated and interdependent. The changes that are brought by climate change affect both tourism and environment. Tourism provides a link between economic development and the environment. Tourism being an industry earns or generates income. This income can be converted to protect and conserve scenic and biologically valuable areas. It can further generate visitor payback into the management of these areas thus economic fragile communities.The success of tourism depend on environment. When the environment deteriorates due to climate change tourism also decline. Overtime the relationship between environment and tourism has developed. Tourism industry impacts environment both negatively and positively. The environment is impacted negatively by the release of untreated liquid waste from the activities of hotels and restaurants. Further air and noise emissions produced from tourism industry impact the environment. The noise is generated from the coastal constructions which are used to host tourists. Once these constructions are on dust is emitted which eventually settles on coastal waters affecting the marine environment. However, tourism industry as well contributes to the environment positively. The development of appropriate and new technologies has been a result of tourism-environment interaction. For instance beaches and hotels have to develop new technology of hygiene so as to meet the internationally accepted environmental standards. Further revenues and taxes derived from tourist related activities provide for the preservation and protection of natural resources like forests. Tourism can sometimes provide impetus for the conservation of natural resources. For example the development of Graeme bird sanctuary in Barbados. 6 Nature heritage tourism contributes to the conservation of natural resources and promotes socio-economic advancement of local communities. This may drive a sense of ownership and empowerment among the nationals.7 Therefore tourism and environment play a key role in the development and growth of a nation. In the recent years tourism has become the main industry that earns large income to those nations that maintain this industry. It also contributes to the maintenance of our environment. However, tourism and environment can only contribute to sustainability if all measures are taken to curb climate change which negatively impacts the two. Section 2: Background Information Global climate change is probably the most severe threat to our environment and tourism industry. In particular tourism is the largest