Theory X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothesis X - Essay Example Perhaps the best perspective on these is that given by Bobic and Davis. The creators have brought out astounding perspectives on how the Theory X and Theory Y work inside organizations. As clarified by Bobic and Davis, â€Å"We finish up with a remark on what this may mean for the fate of the board. In the event that individuals are extraordinary (some versatile and others creative) and character is moderately invariant, at that point the administration task turns out to be progressively complex† (Bobic and Davis, 2003). I totally concur with their perspectives and accept that in the current occasions, the fundamental explanation that may cause an administration for fizzle is because of the utilization of a solitary methodology of the board. It is basic to note, with the changing occasions and with the elevated levels of rivalry that is as of now common in the business sectors, it is currently a need for the supervisors to not just spotlight on one technique for the executives. The necessities and working styles of representatives are totally different and a solitary office can have a wide scope of characters including the individuals who are versatile to the individuals who are exceptionally inventive. Consequently it is the obligation of the chiefs to utilize this as a possibility of preparing themselves to meet the changing needs and not to adhere to a solitary hypothesis. A brilliant case of this is the situation of my past activity. I worked there low maintenance, and my director (purposely or unwittingly) followed forthright, the hypothesis X. There was consistently a domain of distress in the earth and notwithstanding having probably the best in his group; the chief couldn't run the group successfully. The workers in his group included individuals with extraordinary bits of knowledge, enthusiasm for their employments and a solid degree of commitment. Anyway because of the conduct of the administrator, various individuals began to stop their employments just to show signs of improvement occupations in better organizations. Considering the effect that Bobic and Davis have had on Theory X and Y, it is fundamental to take note of that in the current occasions, pioneers can't be one who

American National Government Free Essays

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Answers To Your Answers

Answers To Your AnswersAn enduring issue essay sample contains questions asked by college admission officers. They want to know what you know about the admissions requirements for each college and university. The question may be a factual or an opinion. The format of the essay is likely to be more formal than typical questions used by higher education institutions.While there are many continuing education courses that have the same types of questions as issue essay samples, they might not contain the same level of detail. You will want to select one that reflects your personal style and writing ability. Here are some tips for finding an enduring issue essay sample that best meets your needs.The essay topic should be determined before reading any surviving issue essay samples. It should be one of the first things to be decided upon. If it's one of the choices, a preliminary question should be asked about it. Also, if there are other issues included in the reading material, the choice should be narrowed down to the enduring issue essay sample that best fits your needs.Some authors provide basic structure. Others use more descriptive words, or sentences that include a certain amount of emphasis. When you choose an enduring issue essay sample, be sure to read all of the passages carefully to make sure the topics are consistent. That will give you a good basis for adjusting the essay to suit your individual needs.Some of the lasting issue essay samples cover the same basic ground as others. But there are also some books that address some of the issues discussed in the essay. Others focus on single subjects, such as financial aid. You should be able to tell what the content will be by looking at the issues covered in the sample.Do not copy the style of the essay, but use it as a guide for creating your own. Don't just think of it as a copy of someone else's writing. Consider it as an opportunity to create a distinctive piece of work.This does not mean that you have t o spend a lot of time writing from the surviving issue essay samples you've read. In fact, some of them can be relatively short, so you may only spend a few hours or days writing your essay. Just remember to remember the goals you set for yourself when you chose the topic in the first place.Some of the questions posed in the surviving issue essay samples are quite broad. However, there is no need to go over these issues in detail. And remember, there will be times when your essay will require a more detailed response. Use the questions to gauge your own writing skills.

Marketing Analysis Products And Services - 1616 Words

Products and Services Today, Easy Run produces approximately one million pairs of athletic shoes annually. All sports footwear are categorized under the brand of Easy Run, including running, training, walking, hiking, baseball, basketball, tennis, golf, and soccer. Work shoes, sandals, boots, and casual styles are available through the company’s Easy Life brand, which joined the Easy Run’s family in 2011. The company launched its unique custom-made running shoes service in 2012 and customers could personalize the colors or even knit theirs name on the shoes. In future, Easy Run plans to offer sports apparels and equipment. The comparative advantages of Easy Run originated in its continuous investment in Research Development, customer satisfaction and American manufacturing. The company’s research work focuses on the study of human movements and responses to the environment, empowering its shoes to provide best performance to customers. Easy Run also invests a lot in new materials, fashion design, and manufacturing techniques. It owns several special techniques and patents including cushioning, stability support for foot, and water-resistant fabric. Moreover, The information technology used by the factory and retailers enables the company to implement lean production philosophy. To accommodate different types of customer needs and allow for optimal shoe fit, Easy Run offers a wide range of sports footwear in multiple widths in shoe size. The company seeks to position theShow MoreRelatedProduct and Service Marketing Analysis1219 Words   |  5 PagesProduct and service marketing are highly relat ed. Take the success of a company like Apple, for example. The technology giant operates nearly 400 retail stores, employs more than 42,000 people and hosts more than a million visitors each day. In 2012, Apple’s retail operations generated nearly $19 billion. Furthermore, it’s estimated that Apple’s Fifth Avenue store generates more than $35,000 per square foot, making it the highest grossing retailer in New York – ever. Those statistics reinforce theRead MoreP3 how to be a boss1426 Words   |  6 PagesP1: Describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations. P2: Describe the limitations and constraints of marketing. P3: Describe how a selected organisation uses marketing research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans. P4: Use marketing research for marketing planning. P5: Explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products. P6: Develop a coherent marketing mix for a new product or service. Merit M1: CompareRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. How do we get there? (Core Strategy, Marketing mix decisions, Organization, ImplementationRead MoreMarketing Research Reveals Consumer Behavior1594 Words   |  7 PagesMARKETING RRESEARCH Marketing Research plays a very significant role in identifying the needs of customers and meeting them in best possible way. The main task of Marketing Research is systematic gathering and analysis of information. It can be defined as the function that links the consumers, customers, and public to the marketer through information — information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketingRead MoreMarketing Plan1270 Words   |  6 PagesIndividual Assignments - Marketing Plan. Review individual marketing plan assignment. The major written assignment for this course is to write a marketing plan, utilizing the resources and examples of The Marketing Plan Book. Students will work on this project individually. Students will develop a hypothetical company that operates in the US and one or more foreign markets. The marketing plan needs to involve a product that has a service component to the product. As students determine whetherRead MoreFinal Marketing Plan Assignment1671 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿SLS 4500 SLC 7420 Final Marketing Plan Assignment and Guide DUE: July 7, 2010 at the beginning of class NO LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED Marketing plans serve several critical roles within sport organizations. Marketing plans allow everyone to see how their actions fit in with the actions of other employees. Marketing plans also: †¢ provide a road map for corporate development, †¢ assist in the management and implementation of strategy, †¢ communicate role specificity to new employeesRead MoreCase Study : Advantage Kayaks : A Marketing Plan1549 Words   |  7 PagesKayaks – A Marketing Plan Assignment Topic: Your task is to prepare information that may be used for a marketing plan. Identify one product / service from your own business or from another business with which you are familiar. Write a report about the selected product / service. In your report you should include: †¢ Current marketing situation with background data on the market, product, competition, and distribution. Keep this discussion brief. †¢ Market analysis through a SWOT analysis. MakeRead MoreCritical Thinking Questions : Strategic Planning1160 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategic planning. Marketing plays a large role in the strategic planning, because the plan is finding ways to take advantage of the market to increase business. The Steps to Strategic Planning: 1. Defining the company mission (the company must stay customer focused) 2. Setting company objectives and goals (very detailed for the entire company to follow) 3. Designing the business portfolio (deciding which product best for the company and how to support them) 4. Planning marketing and other functionalRead MoreContents. Introduction2. Definition Of Marketing2. Marketing1662 Words   |  7 PagesContents Introduction 2 Definition of Marketing 2 Marketing Concept 2 Production Orientation 2 Sales Orientation 3 Market Orientation 3 Marketing Process 3 Market Analysis 4 Selecting Target market 5 Marketing Mix overview 6 Implementation and Control 7 Strategy Control 8 Difference between Business and consumer Markets (B2B vs. B2C) 9 B2B (business-to-business) marketing 9 B2C (business to consumer) marketing 9 Comparison between HM and Zara 11 How Marketing Mix helps in achieving organisationsRead MoreEssay about The Market Orientated Firm.1638 Words   |  7 Pageswhat it is to be a marketing orientated firm; firstly a business needs to know what marketing is. According to the UKs Chartered institute of Marketing (CIM): Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably (CIM1) Marketing is the only process that goes hand in hand with the company strategy and is integrated in all functions and departments of the firm. People tend to think marketing is about advertising

The First Successful Settlement Of The United States

Many people do not realize the way history has impacted today’s life and find it a waste of time to be learning. When really our lives would not be anything near to what they are today. Jamestown was founded in the year 1607 and was the first successful settlement in America. Due to its success many more settlers came to America from Great Britain. Jamestown taught settlers what was needed to be a successful settlement which then caused more and more growth in America. It was an example for other settlers to use and create other settlements and caused states to be created and for population to grow, which is a big factor in all of history and today without this we would have not created the US. Virginia House of Burgesses was the†¦show more content†¦Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is the first written constitution in the Americas singed by Thomas Hooker in 1638. With this being created it set a base for the U. S constitution which was created over 100 years later. Without this the U.S constitution would have not had been created or had a base to go off of and we would not be granted the rights that we have now. The orders set a structure for the government and set its power Treaty of Paris was signed by the English and the French in 1763. The treaty ended the French and Indian war and caused France to be kicked out of North America. Without this treaty the French would still be in the U.S. The treaty freed Americans from the French. Proclamation of 1763 is a law passed by King George III that meant colonist could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. King George did this because he did not want expansion accruing in the U.S. Since there was nothing to enforce the law many still continued to move west. Without the Proclamation many settlers would have left the eastern part sooner and other states in the west such as California would have not been colonized. Also many natives would have taken over land. Sugar Act was a tax on imported s ugar to the colonies that was created in 1764 by King George III. Colonist raised revenue to pay for the French and Indian war. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted a say in how much they were taxed. If this tax would have not been created

Summary Of Meditations For The Humanist By A British...

There are always plenty of people who think telling others to live is a good idea, even a kind of duty. They tell us not to smoke or drink, not to cheat on our taxes, not to get an abortion, and, incredibly, not to be homosexual, or any other variety of sexual they don’t approve of. I could have been a moralizer myself because there’s plenty of religion in my background, and that seems to be where most of the impulse and all of the duty people feel to moralize comes from. A collection of short, thoughtful essays titled Meditations for the Humanist, by a British philosopher named A. C. Grayling, begins with an essay that, after pretty much trashing the morlaizers’ motives, explains why telling others how to live is not usually very effective. The essay got me thinking about my own failure to moralize. Grayling characterizes moralizers as Victorian in their attitudes, by which he means self-repressed and seeking to repress others; in America, we might call them Pur itans, or Puritanical. Oddly enough those people came here from England. Even though they say they only want the best for others and for society, Grayling sees moralizers as victims of their own repression, and believes they moralize out of fear rather than out of goodness. He further believes they are victimized by the false notion that the world was once morally well-ordered but is now a moral sewer. He says that, rather than trying to get others to adopt our modes of behavior by some form of coercion, eitherShow MoreRelatedSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesSociety: 50 How the genes influence behaviour and ethics: 52 2.3- PHILOSOPHICAL: 55 2.31- Contribution Of In Ethics By The Source Of Philosophical Systems: 55 2.32- Contribution of Aristotle: 57 2.33- Contributions By Other Important Philosophers: 58 2.34- Rights Theory: 64 2.35- Contribution By KANT: 65 2.36- Contribution By ROSS: 66 2.4- CULTURAL: 68 2.5- LEGAL SYSTEM: 71 2.6- CODES OF ETHICS: 74 2.61- Company Codes: 74 Code of ethics (corporate or business ethics)Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesManagement Studies, Keele University, UK An unusually rich and deep philosophical book on organization theory with several new thinkers and ideas. Pedagogically a well-structured book with many clear learning objectives, cases, examples and good summaries for every chapter. Professor Martin Lindell, Hanken Business School, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland This book makes it easier to understand the current stand of organization theory. I strongly recommend it to anyoneRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesnarrative that trails off in points of suspension (whether real or implied), the effect of being suspended does not apply to the narrative object, which, for its part, retains a perfectly clear ending— indicated, precisely, by the three dots. The British film Dead of Night con* See Chapter 7. — TRANSLATOR 18 PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO FILM cludes in a spiral,* but, as a suite of images, it has a definite ending —the last image of the film. Children are not fooled when being told stories. For

Delegation Example in a Healthcare Setting free essay sample

Eletha Fields Delegation Example in a Healthcare Setting Delegation in the health care setting is very important for the nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and for the patients. The delegation of indirect and direct patient care allows the Registered Nurse (RN) to spend more time toward the patient care, education, and patient advocacy. This delegation of patient care helps to improve patient outcomes and increases satisfaction for the patient and the nurse (Snyder, Medina, Bell, Wavra 2004). Nurse delegation is considered a â€Å"professional right and responsibility† requiring a â€Å"skill that must be taught and practiced for nurses to be proficient in using it. † Nurses need both the authority and practice experience to implement delegation† (Reinhard p. 76). Effective delegation can allow the registered nurses to make their best contribution to patients and to the health care system (Snyder et al, 2004). This delegation presentation will show the delegation model, delegation in my workplace, the stakeholders and their roles. Also it will include a plan of action that incorporates communication, conflict resolution, providing feedback, and evaluation of the problems and tasks performed. The delegation model is composed of four cycles. These are assessment, planning, intervening, and evaluation. To start with is the assessment phase of the model, which implies that we, as registered nurses, must assesses the situation, select the right delegate to perform the task, ensure the delegate is competent for the task they are delegated.Also it is important to know the policies and procedure of the place you are employed and to know the job description and expectations of the person of which you are delegating tasks to (Hansten Jackson p. 3-4). After the assessment cycle is complete, we are ready to proceed to the planning cycle. With the planning cycle, it is important to know what goals and outcomes need to be done and met. â€Å"As a practicing professional coordinating a plan of care, you are in the position to prioritize which outcomes are the most important to attain† (Hansten Jackson p. -6). Planning your patients’ tasks and goals will help to make the delegating and choosing the delegate a little easier. The third cycle is intervention. With intervention there are at least three points to consider. One, make sure to â€Å"prioritize and match the job to the delegate† (Hansten Jackson p. 6). Ensure that the task in within the caregiver’s scope of practice and that they have the knowledge and skills required to complete the task. Two, is to know how to communicate effectively with the delegate.Using clear and concise communication is important to ensure the task is carried out correctly. Clearly give the instructions to the caregiver and make sure they understand how to carry out the delegated tasks (Hansten Jackson p. 7). The third is to know conflict resolution. If the delegate is reluctant to do the desired task conflict may occur. Using assertiveness instead of aggression may help to resolve some conflicts (Hansten Jackson p. 4). The final cycle of the delegation model is evaluation. Evaluation and follow-up of the activity means that you oversee the performance and offer feedback to the delegate in terms of an appraisal of his or her performance† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). The licensed professional is responsible for the tasks that are delegated and needs to ensure they are completed and are correct. Following the delegation model of assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation will help registered nurses in their daily delegating duties. This will also help to reach the desired patient and staff outcomes. The registered nurse does the delegation in my workplace.We delegate tasks as the primary nurse to the unlicensed assistive personnel. As the charge nurse, we delegate tasks to other nurses along with the nursing assistants. To the staff nurses’ tasks and physician orders are delegated and to be carried out either by the nurse or the nursing assistant. The primary nurse can decide if the task can be delegated to the nursing assistants. As far as the nursing assistants, they can help with and direct and indirect patient care activities that are delegated to help free the primary nurse for other nursing duties to be completed that cannot. Such tasks for the nursing assistants include: vital signs, obtaining them, reporting them to the nurse, and recording them in the designated place; obtaining daily weights; connecting the telemetry monitor to the patients; measuring intake and output, and recording it in the chart; collecting specimens; helping with daily living activities such as baths, oral care, and changing the linens (Anthony Vidal, 2010). Many other tasks that the nursing assistants can do include feeding the patient; assisting in ambulation, turning and repositioning the patient. These are involved with the direct patient care.They are also able to help with indirect patient care that of which could include cleaning equipment, running errands, delivering supplies, stocking supplies, and some clerical tasks (Snyder et al, 2004). Many stakeholders involved with the care of the patients. The stakeholders are someone who has a vested interest in the care of the patients. These can include the physicians, the nur ses, and the nursing assistants. These professionals care about what happens to the patients and want the best care provided for them. Choosing the right stakeholder for the delegated task is important.It is necessary to make sure that the person who has been assigned the task is competent and skillful to complete the task accurately. Communication and information sharing between the nurse and the assistant is equally important (Anthony Vidal, 2010). Providing feedback to the assistant once the task is performed helps to keep communication between the two staff members. The plan of action for delegation should include communication with the nursing assistant, providing feedback to the assistant, and resolving any conflict that may occur, and evaluation of any problems.Communicating with the stakeholders is important. They need to know exactly what the task is for them to do and be able to complete it correctly. The registered nurse is responsible for the outcome no matter what it is. â€Å"Clearly outlining expectations, giving complete and concise directions for implementation, and providing parameters for following up with the nurse is essential ingredients to successful communication† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Some tasks the nursing assistant may be reluctant to complete.This could cause some conflict between the nurse and the assistant. â€Å"Being able to be assertive without being aggressive when the response is not the eager and willing â€Å"yes† that we would like is also part of the skill of effective delegation† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Maintaining open communication with the nursing assistant can help to bypass any conflicts that may occur. If you are not able to resolve the conflict between you and the assistant then going to you clinical manager may have to be another option of conflict resolution.Feedback to the nursing assistant is also important. They need to know if they have performed the tasks at hand correctly and to the satisfaction of the patient and the nurse. â€Å"Feedback and follow-up can be as simple as a thank you for a job well done† (Hansten Jackson p. 8). â€Å"Evaluation and follow-up of the activity means that you oversee the performance and offer feedback to the delegate in terms of an appraisal of his or her performance† (Hansten Jackson p. 7). Evaluation of the performance is also important for problem solving and problem resolution.In conclusion, as we practice health care together as a team, and the demands of the patients continue to rise, delegating to the nursing assistants direct and indirect patient care helps to allow the nurse to provide the nursing duties that cannot be delegated. Again, the delegation of patient care helps to improve patient outcomes and increases satisfaction for the patient and the nurse (Snyder et al, 2004). References Anthony, PhD, RN, CS, M. K. , Vidal, K. (2010 May). Mindful Communication: A Novel Approach to Improving Delegation and Increasing Patient Safety. Issues in Nursing, 15(2). http//search. proquest. om. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/763483465? accountid=35812. Hansten, R. I. Jackson, M. (2009). Clinical Delegation Skills: A Handbook for Professional Practice (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Reinhard, S. C. (2010 Winter). A Case for Nurse Delegation Explores a New Frontier in Consumer-Directed Care. Generations, 34(4). http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/858458298? accountid=35812. Snyder, RN, MSN, CCRN, D. A. , Medina, RN, MS, J. S. , Bell, RN, MSN, L. Wavra, RN, MSN, CCRN, CCNS (2004). AACN Delegation Handbook (2nd ed. ).

Oroonoko Essays - Novellas, Oroonoko, Aphra Behn, Imoinda, Novel

Oroonoko By Aphra Behn I. The story of Oroonoko was one of great passion and loyalty. The story of Oroonoko and Imoinda began with him approaching her claiming his undying love for her. That she was the one and only that he would ever need. Only she would suffice in his heart. Throughout the story Oroonoko exhibits great power , strength and control. A love that started out as beautiful and innocent and ended with that same beautiful innocence. Her passionate descriptions of their emotions intensifies the awful ending. The final scene with brutality and death. Throughout he faces many tragic thing that would break a man. He loses his wife to the king, is convinced that the king has killed her, and he is sold into slavery. However, he still stands with faith and strength to go on. He still determines hi future of what is going to happen to him. Like the tiger his heart has been struck many times but he decides he will continue to live. As a strong man he thought of future consequences such as when he led the slave revolt he knew that Imoinda would be left behind if they were to kill him. The thought of her and her child alone was his Achilles heel. In my opinion this is what killed him. His weakness Imoinda. Imoinda trusts Oroonoko to prove her love for him, "...with all the passion and languishment of a dying lover, drew his knife to kill this treasure of his soul....with joy she should die by so noble a hand..."(Behn 2190). With this gesture Imoinda proves her true and everlasting love. But true love is never left without some sort of feeling of grief. Due to this feeling of grief Oroonoko laid by her side for some amount of days by her side suffering for what he had done to her. II. Criticism towards Oroonoko is a array of descriptions. From disapproval to praise. During Aphra Behn's time women writers were not an accepted in society as professional writers. Aphra made a mark for women by becoming the first woman to make a living of writing. You could say she was the first feminist. Her stories were rather risqu?. She wrote about politics to love and lust. She has been widely praised by women as Virginia Wolf wrote "all women together ought let flowers fall upon the tomb of Aphra Behn." Much of her writing came from personal things that she either saw or experienced. One critic said, "The personal experiences, autobiographical form, heightened interest, and the pictures painted from actual scenes and people added color to the narration." This is what seemed to catch the critics attention. These colorful displays of people and events were written out so well that the reader had a personal feel to what they were reading. Another thing that was criticized was the development of her writing that it was not to fast and not to slow to lose the writers interest. The number of characters was a smart touch not to many to keep up with and easy to remember. Another critic from Evangeline Blashfield said, "...the novel has an accent of truth, as well as an atmosphere of realism." The reality of the story makes it a story to easily relate to seeing that life is not often perfect. III. Behn's writing in my opinion was the foundation for women to come. Behn's writing proves the strength and the imagination that women have for anything they put there minds and hearts to. As I read the story it was laid out perfectly. It was not over drawn with detail nor was it lacking. You had enough descriptions of the characters ad their emotions. The passion is enough to pull you into what they are feeling and what lessons they are learning. Behn used allot of symbolism within the story. For example the heart of the tiger which was found with several bullets within still was able to survive. The animal was able to survive e due to that it still wanted to live. This symbolizes Oroonoko will to still live after everything has happened to him. Behn is very highly acclaimed for all that she has accomplished through her writings. She use her own pain of experiences to paint a picture of love. My final feeling towards this novel was one of hope and sadness that the only way that love in reality seems to work is through such harsh consequences. Through ones jealousy or through

The Equity Theory Essay Example

The Equity Theory Essay Example The Equity Theory Paper The Equity Theory Paper The process theories emphasize on the role of an individuals cognitive processes in determining his or her mode of motivation. One major process theory is The Equity Theory (see Appendix 4), which is based on the simple premise that people want to be treated fairly. According to the theory, people are motivated to reduce feeling of inequity when they occur, just as they are motivated to reduce dissonance. Fairness is a basic value in many cultures, and it is one most people want to see put into practice where they work. For example, consider a young woman who believes that her salary should be much higher than it is simply because she belongs to a specific minority group and that her company wishes to demonstrate that it treats such persons very well. Under these conditions, strong feelings of inequity may arise and add to the discomfort the woman experiences in this situation. As a result, her motivation and commitment to the company may both be reduced. In this particular instance, the motivation here works both ways, for the young woman, and for the company, as it also urges the company to compete for its social standing and recognition. The key role of employees perceptions of their jobs is underlined in Expectancy Theory (see Appendix 5). This theory of employee motivation has been promulgated by Vrooms. He suggested that the individuals motivation force in a job could be calculated if the expectancy and valence values are known. He argued that what was crucial to motivation at work was the perception of a link between effort and reward. In workplace, a manager would need to figure out what rewards each employee wants and how valuable those rewards are to each individual, measure the various expectancies, and finally adjust the relationships to create motivation. In other words, the manager will have to attach measurable values to each work that value, they have to work and compete to gain it. In the actual world, money is the critical incentive to work motivation and it is important to employees because it is a medium of exchange. Money will motivate to the extent that it is seen as being able to satisfy an individuals personal goals and is perceived as being dependent upon performance criteria. As equity theory suggests, money has symbolic value in addition to its exchange value, and expectancy theories attest to the value of money as a motivator. In an organization competition occurs when the goals of interacting groups are incompatible and the interactions are important to the attainment of each groups goals (Moorhead, 1992). In the movement of various motivations of individuals, competition is an inevasible fact to people everywhere. In the past, management reward systems have attempted to satisfy an individuals lower level needs for safety and physiological security. As society progresses, nowadays, management reward systems are endeavoring to satisfy also the individuals higher level needs for esteem and self-actualization. Similarly, as people progress on their work, they are constantly faced with different needs, wants, dissatisfaction, and dissonance at different stages, and in order to satisfy their needs and wants, or to overcome their dissatisfaction and dissonance, they will have to compete constantly either with one another or with themselves. Suppose that you ask a large number of individuals what is the most important motivating factor in their work, certainly, you would receive a wide range of replies. Some individuals will consider monetary pay and various economic benefits, while other may focus on the pleasantness of the work itself, and still other will opt for opportunities for advancement or good relations with their coworkers. So much can be said about motivation factors that it is often hard to put a finger directly on it. In other words, they are motivated at various stages by various factors. But at the end of the day, it is competition that matter.

Film Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film Production - Essay Example In order to be able to learn more about the film production process, all of the previously mentioned issues need to be discussed, as well as any and all other key and related matters in this regards. The aim of this paper is to allow for an attainment of a better understanding on the issue of film production in general, particularly of its more technical aspects, and as well on how film production is used in the world today. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Film production basically involves four major steps, which are: development, preproduction, production, and postproduction. During the development stage is when the idea is actually beginning to be developed, and usually a summary of the actual story will be given in a few pages. Then, through several different iterations, these few pages will eventually end up becoming a detailed prose piece which will better tell the story of the film. Concept art is also developed more during this process, and character descriptions are worked on more thoroughly. This particular process, as with every single other that is included within the film production process, is incredibly important and takes some time, and is usually gone over two, three or even more times before being considered as being complete, and even then often times workers involved will go back and edit or add on. The development process is also the time during which the script is composed, and this again will go through several drafts as the writer and others involved make their comments and opinions about it. Then there is the preproduction stage, which is the stage that takes place before the actual production stage, and it is during this stage when a storyboard is created from the script, which basically means that writers and illustrators work together using the script as their guide in order to be able to create a visual storyboard including words and illustrations, which will be the basis of the production image that they are going to create. From an initial written version, this will then end up progressing into a series of images, of which are either created in a 3d software or drawn by hand, and then they are turned into a moving video, which is known as the 'animatic', and it is this animatic which will actually serve as the major blueprint for the film itself. Next is the production stage, which is where most of the action takes place, as it is where the filming begins. There are many more crew members which need to be recruited at this stage, and that includes, for example: property master, script supervisor, assistant directors, stills photographer, picture editor, and sound editors. These are the most common roles that are involved in the filmmaking production process, although there are many others which may need to be taken into consideration as well, depending on the specific type of film that you are making. A typical day will begin with "an assistant director following the shooting schedule for the day. The film set is constructed and the props made

How Religions Impact Americans Politically, Socially and Economically Essay

How Religions Impact Americans Politically, Socially and Economically - Essay Example Statistics released by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in 2012 have shown that out of the world’s total population, 59 percent is religious, and, the United States, unlike several other Western countries, remains a religiously overwhelming society. This paper will discuss the political, social and economical impact religion has had on the American society, with specific focus on Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism. As a nation, the United States founding was on religion. Majority of the American population is Christian, predominantly 30 percent White Evangelical Protestants, 20 percent Liberal Protestants and 8 percent African-American Protestants. 2 percent practices Judaism and 0.5 percent are Hindus. Most of the non-Christian religions in the United States found their way there after the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act that removed restrictions that previously limited foreigners who could immigrate. As portrayed by Farlee (1999), the American society has grow n into a successful multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious nation. From the nation’s founding fathers to present day presidents, the American leadership has portrayed the significance of redirecting public policy towards enhancing the future health of the nation in religion, especially Christianity, though not to dictate that it is a Christian nation. Many political and social goals have been achieved through the practice of religion, even if it was indirectly. Christianity and the influence of Jewish ideas are clearly manifested in the fundamental political framework of America, as is evident in the opening statement of the Declaration of Independence. It is declared, just like in the bible, that men were all created equal and endowed with unalienable rights including life and the pursuit of liberty and freedom. Even from the early days of the Puritan settlers, the scripture determined the legislation. As concurred by Ballo (1976), they believed that the scripture held the moral rules for the government and direction of humans in their duty to fellow man and God and subsequently adopted a legal code with 79 statutes, of which half bore biblical references. The Republican coalition and the pact with the Christian Right were splintered by President Obama’s election in 2008. This opened up the opportunity to the new coalition between the new evangelical Christians and the Democratic Party. Although the new evangelical Christians identified themselves as progressive and politically moderate, it was evident from the 2008 poll that the Democratic Party had openly adopted Christian foundations. This showed its effect in another unexpected manner when previously separate religious groups joined forces based on political allegiances to fight the unbiblical gay marriage. This saw the Mormons and conservative Catholics come together to front the California’s Proposition 8 that fought gay marriages, also including international policy among Jews and Protestants. Although the government’s religious connections have been growing, causing a slight relationship sway with the Protestants, they (Protestants) remain intact in their presumption of the politics of the US, with their visions still upheld regarding gender and sexuality. Quite notably, Hinduism has no significant impact on the American political system as much as do Christianity and Judaism, but might be remotely playing smaller roles through the strong presence of Hinduism in the American

Inhibitor Improves Learning Essay Example for Free

Inhibitor Improves Learning Essay The article is entitled, Peripheral Delivery of a ROCK Inhibitor Improves Learning and Working Memory. Title of the journal the article was published in and date published: This article was published in the journal entitled Behavioral Neuroscience in February 2009. The journal is published by the American Psychological Association. Describe the topic and the experiment conducted. What did they do? The article noted that in related studies, the RhoA/ROCK/Rac pathway is involved in the cognitive processes. Thus, they postulated that if this pathway could be inhibited, learning and memory can be enhanced. The article explained that fasudil has been used in experiments for the treatment of vasospasm and angina but not for learning and memory. Hydroxyfasudil is an active metabolite of fasudil. The study subjects were 27 rats who were 17 months old and 18 months old at the time of actual behavioral testing. Specifically, the study used Fischer-344 male rats who were bred at the aging colony of the National Institute on Aging at Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN). All the rats were acclimatized before the actual experiment according to IACUC standards and all the procedure done were with the approval of the local IACUC committee. NIH standards were followed. The study was done in Arizona State University. The study grouped the rats into three experimental groups. The first group of rats received saline and was labeled as the â€Å"aged vehicle† group. The second group received 0. 1875 mg hydroxyfasudil and was labeled as the â€Å"aged low dose† group. The third group received 0. 3750 mg hydroxyfasudil and was labeled as the â€Å"aged high dose† group. Of the 27 rats, nine belonged to the â€Å"aged vehicle† group, another nine rats in the â€Å"aged low dose† group, and another nine rats in the â€Å"aged high dose† group. Since hydroxyfasudil has a half-life of around 5-7 hours in humans, the drugs were all administered in the morning before behavior testing was done. All injections were given by subcutaneous injection at the scruff of the neck of the rat. All experimenters who performed the behavioral testing and succeeding dissections of the rats’ brains were blind to the respective treatment groups of the rats. The behavioral testing used the Water Radial Arm Maze to test working and reference memory, and the Spatial Reference Memory Morris Maze to test for spatial learning and memory. The performance of the rats in these two mazes were compared and used as basis as to whether cognitive functions were enhanced or not with the administration of hydroxyfasudil. Summarize the most important results. What did they find and what does that mean? 4 pts The results of the behavioral testing done using the water radial-arm maze, the â€Å"aged high dose† group was superior in all measures evaluated: learning index scores for total errors, working memory correct errors, and working memory incorrect errors. Better learning was indicated by having a higher learning index. Aged high dose† group showed better learning on all three measures. The group’s learning index when compared to the â€Å"aged vehicle† group was significantly higher. As for the â€Å"aged low dose† group, it still had a higher learning index when compared to the â€Å"aged vehicle group† but only marginally for the working memory incorrect errors. For the other two m easures, the group still had a higher learning index but no longer marginally, but intermediate between the â€Å"aged high dose† and â€Å"aged vehicle† groups suggesting that the relationship may be dose-dependent. Another important result noted was that hydroxyfasudil did not significantly alter spatial reference memory performance in either maze. 5) What implications do these results have for future research? What should they look at next? The implications of study would mean that if hydroxyfasudil can inhibit events that influence cognition, the next step would be to confirm this in result in a larger number of mice or even in rabbits. They should also look into the side effects of hydroxyfasudil and a good start would be to look for the same side effects found in its parent compound which is also being currently studied. ) Does this study reveal anything that could be useful to society (the general population, not science), and if so, what is it? This study showed that if hydroxyfasudil does improve cognitive function by improving spatial learning and memory, then science has found another possible answer to age-related or neurodegenerative-related memory dysfunction. To put it simply, hydroxyfasudil, if safe and effective in improving spatial learning and memory, will help patients who suffer from age-related or neurodegenerative-related memory dysfunction. ) What are some possible confounds or errors that this study should have controlled for, but did not? Essentially, what would make this a better study? In my opinion, this study was a good one with very negligible confounders. One thing that might have made the study better though was the possible side effects of hydroxyfasudil on the short term and also long term. 8) What did you learn that you did not know before? What did you find most interesting? I found that fact that such a drug as hydroxyfasudil being a possible treatment for those suffering from age-related memory dysfunction, fascinating. I did not know this until I read this article. If it is indeed a possible cure, many people all over the world would live a better life in their advanced age since their memory will serve them better and they will depend less on their children and thus, have a less likely chance of being placed in homes just because families have difficulty caring for them.

Skittles :: essays research papers

Skittles OVERVIEW Skittles is a variety entertainment and dining establishment located in Washington, D.C. . Our mission is to provide our patrons with a unique blend of live entertainment while delivering a top quality dining experience. We will do this by emphasizing service excellence and the highest level of performance in all aspects of our operations and services. Our prominent services include live entertainment, ranging in form from comedy to jazz performances to poetry recitals and others. We also offer lunch, dinner, drinks and dancing to our customers. The restaurant is operated by its several partners who have an equal share in ownership. The partners are Tracy Jackson, James Johnson, Sonja Dawkins, Kevin Brown and Steffi Carr. The restaurant is ideally located on the D.C. waterfront. There it will be easily accessible to a large cross section of consumers and make it possible to provide patrons with a safe and controlled environment. Our establishment brings a relatively new concept to the Districts restaurant industry. What we provide is an everchanging mix of live entertainment to customers while serving all of their drinking and dining needs as well. We are somewhat of a one stop, night on the town, in that we provide not only the drinking and dining needs of person going out but we also provide, in the same location and depending on the night, everything from dancing to live music performances to a night of comedy entertainment. Because of its uniqueness to the marketplace in D.C., Skittles has an excellent opportunity to establish itself and become a force in the restaurant/entertainment community in the District. This is partly because of the limited direct competition the company has to face. Although direct competition is limited, there are several establishments which we feel will pose competition to us in the market. They include Blues Alley, Hogates, H.I. Ribsters, Phillips, Gang Plank, The Wharf, and Club 721. Despite the threats which the competition poses to the restaurant, we are still very confident in the ability of this concept and restaurant to thrive and succeed in the District. SITUATION ANALYSIS We, the owners of Skittles, are very enthusiastic about our chances of success with this new and exciting restaurant concept. Our enthusiasm was bolstered even more by what was revealed to us after performing a situation analysis for the company. The analysis showed that as a company, our strengths and the opportunities that exist, far outweigh our weaknesses and the threats we perceive ourselves having to face. This indicates to us that with hard work and a total team commitment, Skittles will be a definite success. As for the

An Assesment of the Role of the Auditor in Fighting Corruption in an Organization Essay

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Reliable accounting and financial reporting issued by auditors help organisations in allocating resources from the society in an efficient manner. Although the primary goal of an organisation is profit making and to allocate limited capital resources to the production of goods and services for which society’s demand is great, a highly complex phenomenon which is corruption poses a threat to those goals and services. However, most organisations spend huge sums of money adopting strategies to fight corruption (Whittington et al., 2004). 2.2 History of Auditing The word â€Å"Audit† originated from the Latin word ‘auditus’ which means, ‘a hearing’. In the earlier days, whenever there was suspected corruption in a business organization, the owner of the business would appoint a person to check the accounts and require hearing the explanations given by the person responsible for keeping the accounts and funds. In those days, the audit was done to find out whether the payments and receipts were properly accounted or not accounted for (http://www.eHow.com). During the advent of the Industrial Revolution, from 1750 to 1850, auditing evolved into a field of fraud detection and financial accountability. Until then, Auditing existed primarily as a method to maintain governmental accountancy and record-keeping. The incidence of the revolution resulted in businesses expanding thereby resulting in increased job positions between owners to customers. Resultantly, management was hired to operate businesses in the owners’ absences, and owners found an increasing need to monitor their financial activities both for accuracy and fraud prevention. (http://www.eHow.com). In the early 20th century, the reporting practice of auditors, which involved submitting reports of their duties and findings, was standardized as the â€Å"Independent Auditor’s Report.† The increase in demand for auditors led to the development of the testing process for accuracy and fraud prevention. Auditors developed a way to strategically selecting key cases as representative of the company’s performance. This was an affordable alternative to examining every case in detail, required less time and a good tool for reducing fraud (http://www.eHow.com). 2.3 Overview of Auditing â€Å"Auditing is a systematic examination of the books and records of a business or the organization in order to ascertain or verify and to report upon the facts regarding the financial operation and the result thereof† (Montgomery, 2010,p.6). Again, Loughran (2010, p.5), defines auditing as, the process of investigating information that is prepared by someone else to determine whether the information is fairly stated. On the other hand, Arens et al. (2006, p.7), defines auditing as the accumulation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. â€Å"Auditing is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between the assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users†(Robertson et al., 2002,p.7).According to Knechel (2001,p.4 2), â€Å"auditing is the process of providing assurance about the reliability of the information contained in the financial statements prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.† 2.4 Types of Audit There are various ways in which the work performed by the auditor has been classified or categorized. Each classification or type of audit is unique in that, each type of audit has its own perspective, objective and business organisation. Irrespective of the type of audit being conducted, the basic processes, guidelines and standards are basically the same. However, Hall (2005) classifies the types of audits that auditors perform into four; 2.4.1 Internal Audit The Institute of Internal Auditors defines internal audit as an independent function established within an organisation to examine and evaluate the audit activities as a service to the organisation. Internal audits are conducted by auditors who work for the organization (Ibid). 2.4.2 Information Technology Audit This is associated with auditors who use technical skills and knowledge to  audit through the computer system, or provide audit services where processes or data, or both, are embedded in technologies. Hence, IT audit involves the auditing of information technology, computer system and the like. IT audit allows auditors to audit through the database and computer (Ibid). 2.4.3 Fraud Audit This is the newest area of auditing, arising out of both rampant employee theft of assets and major financial frauds. In such audits, materiality is irrelevant, and the primary goal is an investigation of anomalies not to give assurance. Hence, fraud audit aims at gathering evidence of fraud and where sufficient evidence exist, fraud audit leads to conviction (Ibid). 2.4.4 Financial Audit Also referred to as external audits, this involves auditors who work independent of the organisation being audited. The audit objective is to give an opinion on the financial statements (Ibid). 2.5 Types of Auditors There are a number of different types of auditors; however, they can be classified under four headings: external auditors, internal auditors, government auditors, and forensic auditors. One important requirement of each type of auditor is independence, in some manner, from the entity being audited (Robertson et al., 2002). 2.5.1 External Auditors External Auditors are often referred to as independent auditors or certified public accountants (CPAs). Such auditors are called â€Å"external† because they are not employed by the entity being audited. However, external auditors audit financial statements for publicly traded and private companies, partnerships, municipalities, individuals, and other type of entities. An external auditor may practice as a sole proprietor or as a member of a CPA firm (Robertson et al., 2002). On the other hand, Boynton et al. (2001), describes external auditors as independent having education, training, and thus by virtue of their experience, external auditors are qualified to perform each of the types of activities being the operational audit activity, the audit compliance, and the financial statements audit activity. Operational audit activity has to do with obtaining and evaluating evidence  about the efficiency and effectiveness of an entity’s operating activities in relation to specified objectives. Furthermore, compliance audit activity has to do with obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified rules, or regulations (Boynton et al., 2001).Finally, the financial statements audit activity has to do with obtaining and evaluating evidence about an entity’s financial statements for the purpose of expressing an opinion on whether the financial statements are presented fairly in conformity with established criteria-usually Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (Boynton et al.,2001). 2.5.2 Internal Auditors Internal auditors are auditors employed by individual companies, partnerships, government agencies, individuals, and other entities (Messier et al., 2008). Additionally, internal auditors are also employed extensively by government and nonprofit organisations with the principal goal of investigating and appraising the activities with which the various organisational units of the company are carrying out their assigned functions (Whittington et al., 2004). However, in addition to the provision of consulting services to the organisation, internal auditors pay much attention to the study of internal control. Again, internal auditors are primarily involved with compliance and operational audit activities. With the operational audit activity having to do with the obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency and effectiveness of an entity’s operating activities in relation to specified objectives (Boynton et al., 2001).Furthermore, the compliance audit activity having to d o with the obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules, or regulations (Boynton et al., 2001). 2.5.3 Government Auditors Government auditors are employed by federal, state, and local agencies. They generally can be considered a subset of the broader category of internal auditors. At the federal level, two agencies use auditors extensively: the Government Accountability Office and the Internal Revenue Service. The Internal Revenue Agents have their responsibility of enforcing tax laws as defined by congress of parliament and interoperated by the courts. However,  the government auditors engage in a wide range of audit activities, including financial statements audit activity, the compliance audit activity and the operational audit activity (Messier et al., 2008). Financial statements audit activity has to do with the obtaining and evaluating evidence about an entity’s financial statements for the purpose of expressing an opinion on whether they are presented fairly in conformity with established criteria-usually Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The compliance audit activity having to d o with the obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules, or regulations. Finally, the operational audit activity having to do with the obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency and effectiveness of an entity’s operating activities in relation to specified objectives (Boynton et al., 2001). 2.5.4 Forensic Auditors Forensic auditors are employed by corporations, government agencies, public accounting firms, and consulting and investigative services firms. They are trained in detecting, investigating, and deterring fraud and corruption (Boynton et al., 2001). 2.6 Roles of the Auditor The role of both the internal and external auditor in the business and economic life of the society is very important. Modern business enterprises are quite large and mostly in corporate form wherein shareholders do not necessarily engage in the running of the management team to run the business on behalf of the shareholders. As a result, management is required to prepare and submit accounts of their stewardship to reflect the true financial position of the entity’s activities (Yiadom, 2009).  ¬The Role of the Auditor in the Internal Control Internal control is broadly defined as a process, executed by an entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following internal control categories: 1.Effectiveness and efficiency of operations. 2.Reliability of financial reporting. 3.Compliance with laws and regulations. Management is responsible for internal control. Managers establish policies and processes to help the organization achieve specific objectives in each of these categories. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and processes are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement (Messier et al., 2008).  ¬The Role of the Auditor in Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a combination of processes and organizational structures implemented by the Board of Directors to inform, direct, manage, and monitor the organization’s resources, strategies and policies towards the achievement of the organizations objectives. The internal auditor is often considered one of the â€Å"four pillars† of corporate governance, the other pillars being the Board of Directors, management, and the external auditor(Business web (online) 2006 http://www.allbusiness.com). A primary focus area of internal auditing as it relates to corporate governance is helping the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors (or equivalent) perform its responsibilities effectively. This may include reporting critical internal control problems, informing the Committee privately on the capabilities of key managers, suggesting questions or topics for the Audit Committee’s meeting agendas, and coordinating with the external auditor(Business web (online) 2006 http://www.allbusiness.com).  ¬Role of the Auditor in Risk Management Auditing professional standards require the function of the auditor to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organization’s risk management processes. Risk management relates to how an organization sets objectives, then identifies, analyzes, and responds to those risks that could potentially impact its ability to realize its objectives. Management performs risk assessment activities as part of the ordinary course of business in each of these categories. Examples include: strategic planning, marketing planning, capital planning, budgeting, hedging, incentive payout structure, and credit/lending practices. Sarbanes-Oxley regulations also  require extensive risk assessment of financial reporting processes (Business web (online) 2006 http://www.allbusiness.com). Corporate legal counsel often prepares comprehensive assessments of the current and potential litigation a company faces. Internal auditors may evaluate each of these activities, or focus on the processes used by management to report and monitor the risks identified. For example, internal auditors can advise management regarding the reporting of forward-looking operating measures to the Board, to help identify emerging risks (Business web (online) 2006 http://www.allbusiness.com). In larger organizations, major strategic initiatives are implemented to achieve objectives and drive changes. As a member of senior management, the Chief Audit Executive may participate in status updates on these major initiatives. This places the Chief Audit Executive in the position to report on many of the major risks the organization faces to the Audit Committee, or ensure management’s reporting is effective for that purpose (Business web (online) 2006 http://www.allbusiness.com). 2.7 Overview of Corruption Although there is no universal or comprehensive definition as to what constitutes corrupt behaviour, most definitions share a common emphasis upon the abuse of public power or position for personal advantage (Boadi, 2002 vol.4 no.2).The Oxford Unabridged Dictionary defines corruption as â€Å"perversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of public duties by bribery or favour.† Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines it as â€Å"inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means (as bribery).† A succinct definition of corruption used by the World Bank is â€Å"the abuse of public office for private gain.†Corruption is a complex multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. It takes place as an outcome of deficiencies in the existing public administration apparatuses and systems as well as cultural, economic, political and social factors. Differences of opinion still exist as to the meaning of the term corruption. This is primarily because individuals look at corruption from their own vantage points influenced by surrounding environment (Khan, 2004). Coherently, Swain& Dininio (2000), explains corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain. It encompasses unilateral abuses by government officials such as embezzlement and nepotism, as well as abuses linking public and private  actors such as bribery extortion, influence peddling, and fraud. 2.8 Corruptive Issues in an Organisation Corruptive issues arise in an organization where both employers and employees embark on any act classified as corruption (Balkaran, 2000). 2.8.1 Causes of Corruption  Khan (2004), defines corruption as a phenomenon that takes place due to the presence of a number of factors. An understanding of such factors requires, among other things, a kind of general framework for a clearer understanding of the causes of corruption, especially from a broader perspective. However, Goudie & Strange (2000), explained that the genesis of corruption can be looked at from three levels being the international, the national and the individual institutional level. Competitiveness of international markets provides multinational companies of various sizes with an incentive to offer bribes to gain an advantage over competitors. At the national level basic development strategy of any government moulds opportunities and incentives for corruption. At the same level three relationships – between the government and the civil service, between the government and the judiciary and between the government and the civil society – also affect the nature and discussions of corruption. Three areas of government activity – customs administration, business regulation and management of foreign aid – act as sources of corruption at the level of individual institutions (Goudie & Strange, 2000). 2.8.2 Forms of Corruption Corruption takes many forms; acceptance of money and other rewards for awarding contracts, violation of procedures to advance personal interests, kickbacks from developmental programmes or multi-national corporations, pay-offs for legislative support, diversion of public resources for private use, overlooking illegal activities, intervening in the justice process, nepotism, common theft, overpricing, establishing non-existing projects and tax collection and tax assessment frauds (Khan, 2004). 2.9 The Auditor’s Role in Fighting Corruption in an Organisation â€Å"Auditors are the first set of gatekeepers in fighting corruption in an organisation† (Harding,2000,p.12). Auditors ensure that transactions are valid, at arms-length, captured, and properly recorded according to established  standards which contributes to the fight of corruption. Secondly, As professionals with a duty to protect the public interest, auditors are bound by rigorous codes of professional and personal ethics calling for the highest levels of integrity and objectivity. Again, with key strategic positions within an enterprise or organization; whether in an internal position or as an external position, mean that auditors very often have access to highly privileged and confidential information (Harding, 2000). Furthermore, as Balkaran (2000), puts it, the auditor helps in fighting corruption in an organisation through the performance of the respective functions on the bases of national and international standards of practice which have clear guidelines identifying, for instance, indicators of fraud and other irregularities, and reporting these to the highest levels of authorit y. Scaling down to the types of auditors, Balkaran (2000), outlines that, the revised response of internal auditing, places more responsibility on internal auditors in helping to fight corruption. After all, as the eyes and ears of management, they are there year-round, understand the operations of a business, and are bound by even more in-depth standards of performance and conduct. Moreover, the work of the internal auditor is often relied upon by the external (independent) auditors and therefore subject to more stringent requirements.

Heros Journey Archetype - 1451 Words

The archetype of the Hero’s Journey holds a prevalent pattern in the works of â€Å"Initiation† by Sylvia Plath, â€Å"A P† by John Updike, and â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker. These works all follow the 17 stages of Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth which are separated in three stages; separation, initiation, and return. The main characters have different characterizations; however, they all follow the basic structure of the Hero’s journey archetype. There are many similarities and differences between the stages that are shown through many context clues and literary devices in each work. The Hero’s Journey archetype expressed in these literary works follow a similar and direct narrative pattern. The Hero’s journey archetype is expressed in three†¦show more content†¦Millicent’s journey is figuring out whether or not she wants to be in a high school sorority. Her call of action occurs when she is nominated to parti cipate in the process of initiation to be a part of the sorority. She refuses enrolling at first because her good friend wasn’t invited to be a part of the initiation process as well. She is persuaded by her sister’s past experience with being in that sorority which becomes the supernatural aid for her. Then, she finally decides to go through the process and abide by all of the rules that they give her which is the crossing of the first threshold. Next, she enters the belly of the whale when she completely becomes submissive and completes the first task that would be the start of many. â€Å"Tomorrow she would come to school, proudly, laughingly, without lipstick, with her brown hair straight and shoulder length and then everybody would know.† She then undergoes a long road of trials which includes not wearing makeup or doing her hair, wearing certain types of clothing, starting certain conversations, and not talking to boys. 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Coelho depicts Santiago as following the stages of the Hero’s Journey Archetype such as The Mentor, The Abyss, and the Return to the World. T hus, Coelho employs The Hero’s Journey Archetype to demonstrate the theme of balance and that one mustRead MoreExamples Of Archetypes In The Odyssey890 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent archetypes that are still relevant in modern times. The legend of Odyssey has been passed down from poet to poet for five hundred years until finally Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey down somewhere between eight hundred fifty and seven hundred fifty B.C. In Homer’s epic the Odyssey, there are three archetypes that provide insights to Ancient Greek civilizations and their morals. These are the hero archetype, the monster or villain archetype, and the heros journey archetype. One strongRead MoreThe Myth Of The Devil1571 Words   |  7 PagesBiblical history and portrays in today’s literature, film and art. The portrayal of the devil in present literature is known as the Devil Figure archetype. The Devil Figure archetype is a character who tempts the hero from their hero’s journey by offering gifts, lust, affection, fame and possession in order to obtain their soul. The Devil Figure archetype is shown in Heather O’Neil’s Lullabies for Little Criminals, Roald Dahl’s The Man from the South, Disney’s The Little Mermaid and John William Waterhouse’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Faulkner s As I Lay Dying 1441 Words   |  6 Pagesunending hopelessness and despair. Throughout the Bundrens’ journey, Faulkner uses common archetypes in order to challenge his readers’ and society’s ingrained perceptions of families and suffering and to demonstrate how both straying from these archetypes and assuming th em can lead to a false sense of reality. As he introduces the Bundrens, Faulkner takes advantage of and criticizes one’s tendency to assume the typical family archetype. When one thinks of the archetypal family, one usually imaginesRead MoreTheme Of Archetypes In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight864 Words   |  4 Pageschange, a magical hero with superpowers, or even a story with an average person living an average life all involve and follow Archetypes. The concept of Archetypes presents itself in Joseph Campbells’, Hero with a Thousand Faces. Campbell’s book goes the extra mile describing/explaining how Archetypes come into action throughout the journey of the hero detailing how â€Å"The archetypes to be discovered and assimilated are precisely those that have inspired, throughout the annals of human culture, the basicRead MoreThe Heros Journey In The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Matrix1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn all of literature, patterns and stages of the hero’s journey can be seen and ide ntified within every story. Joseph Campbell applied the term â€Å"monomyth† to stories in order to describe basic stages that every hero quest goes through. When Joseph identified these common parts of stories, he helped connect the world of literature and establish recurring characters, actions, and situations. Even when pieces of literature that seem to have no connection to each other are examined, such as The MatrixRead MoreArchetypes In The Odyssey868 Words   |  4 Pagesover time,rarely found, happen to be found in ancient literature. The connections ,archetypes, can be found in the adventurous book The Odyssey. Ancient Greek culture is brought up by Homer through archetypes. In the Odyssey, topics such as terrifying monsters , love tests, and an unstoppable hero are all related to ancient Greek culture. The Odyssey shows archetypes that also reveal this culture. Three archetypes found are monsters, loyalty, and a hero, which shows the ancient Greek culture forRead M oreHeros Journey Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pagesis credited with developing the concept of archetypes to explain that there were universal patterns in all stories regardless of culture or the historical period (REFERENCE). He believed that part of the human mind contained a collective unconscious shared by all members of the human species (REFERENCE). Academic, Joseph Campbell refined Jung’s theory of an archetype and applied it to a more specific narrative form. So, what exactly is ‘the Hero’s Journey’? Well, the answer lies in Joseph Campbell’s